Abstract

Machine learning for remote sensing imaging relies on up-to-date and accurate labels for model training and testing. Labelling remote sensing imagery is time and cost intensive, requiring expert analysis. Previous labelling tools rely on pre-labelled data for training in order to label new unseen data. In this work, we define an unsupervised pipeline for finding and labelling geographical areas of similar context and content within Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. Our approach removes limitations of previous methods by utilising segmentation with convolutional and graph neural networks to encode a more robust feature space for image comparison. Unlike previous approaches we segment the image into homogeneous regions of pixels that are grouped based on colour and spatial similarity. Graph neural networks are used to aggregate information about the surrounding segments enabling the feature representation to encode the local neighbourhood whilst preserving its own local information. This reduces outliers in the labelling tool, allows users to label at a granular level, and allows a rotationally invariant semantic relationship at the image level to be formed within the encoding space.

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arXiv link
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DOI

10.48550/arXiv.2508.00506
https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.00506

Citation

BibTeX

@article{RSLabelling,
    author     = {Tulsi Patel and Mark W. Jones and Thomas Redfern},
    title      = {Leveraging Convolutional and Graph Networks for an Unsupervised Remote Sensing Labelling Tool},
    journal    = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2508.00506},
    date       = {2025-08-01},
    year       = {2025},
    month      = {aug},
    doi        = {10.48550/arXiv.2508.00506},
}